Reines and Cowan performed their experiment with about half a cubic meter of fluid (mainly water with some suitable impurity) in their detector, which was considered to be a very big one at that time. Due to the extremely small cross sections for neutrino interactions with atomic electrons and atomic nuclei a large amount of detector material is needed. Several of these experiments aim to detect neutrinos emanating from the sun or from supernovas. Cowan, Jr., (deceased 1974) at nuclear reactors in Hanford and the Savannah River Plant during the 1950’s not only led to the first experimental observation of a neutrino, but also helped to break the ground for the modern generation of low energy neutrino experiments previously considered impossible. The pioneering work performed by Frederick Reines and Clyde L. This additional background material gives a short account of the two discoveries and their importance and is written mainly for physicists. Perl, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA for the discovery of the tau lepton and with one half to Professor Frederick Reines, University of California, Irvine, California, USA for the detection of the neutrino. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences has decided to award the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics with one half to Professor Martin L. Additional background material on the Nobel Prize in Physics 1995
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